CAHS protein engineering
Expression and screening of tardigrade-derived intrinsically disordered proteins for glass-forming capacity around model enzymes and vaccine antigens.
Retarding biological degradation through cryptobiosis and machine learning.
A nonprofit research institute advancing the science of biological preservation — extending the stability of proteins, vaccines, tissues, and cells through the molecular mechanisms that allow life to pause without ending.
Featured Research
View allAmbient vaccine stabilization
Formulation work to hold mRNA and protein subunit vaccines at room temperature for extended periods without loss of immunogenicity.
Desiccation tolerance atlas
Comparative transcriptomics and proteomics across cryptobiotic species to map conserved and divergent survival mechanisms.
ML preservative design
Sequence and structure models trained on known anhydrobiotes to propose novel protectant peptides and small-molecule additives.
Organisms
Every fragile biological structure is in a slow argument with time. Proteins unfold. Vaccines lose potency. Cells succumb to the cold. At Retardegrade, we study the rare organisms that have already won this argument.
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Tardigrades
Phylum Tardigrada
In the tun state — desiccated and metabolically arrested — they withstand vacuum, lethal radiation, and decades without water, then rehydrate within hours.
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡠⢤⢲⡹⡕⣎⢯⢣⣲⡢⣠⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡠⡄⡦⡢⣢⢪⡪⡺⡸⣜⢜⢎⢎⡎⡇⡧⡫⡮⣳⡕⡆⡦⡀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡄⡄⡄⡔⡦⡺⡸⡕⡧⡳⡱⡹⡜⡵⡕⣝⢜⢜⢜⢎⢇⢇⢇⢏⢎⡎⡗⡽⡱⡱⡹⡪⡳⡤⣠⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠄⠆⡇⡧⡣⡇⡏⣆⢀⡀⣀⠤⡄⡆⡜⡜⡜⡜⡕⢭⢪⢪⢪⢣⡣⡇⡗⣝⢜⣜⢜⡜⡜⡜⢜⢜⠜⡜⡰⡱⡱⡱⢱⠱⡑⢕⢕⢱⢱⠹⣜⢵⢝⢮⣲⣢⡲⢤⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⡨⡘⡜⣜⢜⠸⡘⢜⢜⢕⣇⢇⡇⡧⡫⡪⡪⡪⡪⡊⡎⡎⡮⡪⡪⡪⢪⠸⡐⢕⢪⢊⠎⢎⢪⢊⢆⢣⢊⢢⢱⠸⡘⢔⢕⠹⡘⢌⢪⢪⢣⢳⢹⢪⡣⡗⡎⡎⣏⢗⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠂⠙⢕⣝⣎⢆⢕⠨⢢⢓⣝⢮⢳⡱⢝⢜⠕⠝⡘⡘⠜⠜⡎⡎⡎⡜⡌⡆⡣⡊⡜⡰⡱⡱⢱⠣⡣⣣⢧⣣⢕⠰⡑⡾⡵⢆⢇⢪⢢⢱⢹⢱⢱⢱⢍⡺⡰⡱⣝⠼⢕⢗⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢠⢠⡠⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠸⡃⠑⣜⢼⢰⡱⡵⡹⡸⡜⡕⡌⢦⢱⢪⠫⣊⣌⢍⢮⡪⣪⡪⡪⡢⡣⡣⡣⣣⢫⢪⠮⡉⠮⡰⢊⠢⡣⡃⡇⡣⣪⠨⡪⢌⠎⡆⡣⡫⡹⣪⢪⡣⡣⡣⡣⢣⢣⣫⢺⡪⣀⠀⠀⣔⡽⣝⡵⣝⢖⡵⣢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⢡⢱⢕⣕⢧⢳⢕⢝⢎⢕⢵⣍⡧⡣⠊⠈⢐⣌⠆⢩⠘⣡⢉⡖⣁⢉⠉⡪⡪⡪⣪⢪⠨⡊⡤⢡⠱⡨⡊⡎⢮⢚⣗⠌⡆⢇⢇⠣⡑⡹⡑⡕⡸⢄⢑⢎⢗⢗⢷⢝⣞⡮⡶⡹⡸⣜⢎⡯⡾⡵⣝⢼⡂⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡔⡸⡸⣕⢵⢕⢕⢇⢏⡪⢱⠉⠀⢰⠀⠙⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡬⣻⣪⠦⣝⣞⢇⢇⢜⠒⠕⡕⢅⢇⢣⢊⢪⢘⡐⢅⠣⡱⢩⢂⢇⢇⠇⢕⢑⢆⠆⡇⡕⡱⢑⠕⡝⡕⡏⡗⡯⢷⢽⢝⢮⢻⢺⡽⣺⢝⡺⡮⡳⡕⡀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⠣⢢⢫⢞⢎⢎⢞⢽⣙⢱⢸⠰⡡⣀⠈⢇⡀⢳⡵⠖⠰⣫⡟⣞⠜⠨⡻⡮⡺⡜⡜⣜⣼⡨⠢⡑⢌⠢⡱⢐⢌⠢⡈⠢⠑⢌⢢⢱⢑⢅⢕⢱⠱⡘⡌⡪⢠⠣⡪⣪⡪⡮⣪⡫⡎⡇⡇⡭⡣⡫⡪⡯⢯⡺⡽⣜⣮⡂⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢇⣯⡺⡸⠊⡽⡪⠢⡂⢇⠣⡋⡎⢎⢆⢆⢜⠀⠀⢀⢃⡁⡈⡀⠀⢀⣓⡯⣗⢽⡸⡼⣺⣺⣕⢌⠢⢱⠨⢂⠂⠅⢌⠨⢈⠢⡨⡢⡑⡢⡲⡂⡣⡑⢌⠢⢱⢹⢪⢳⢹⢹⢕⠯⣗⢧⢳⢽⡪⣟⢞⡎⣗⣯⡫⡎⡪⣕⡄⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠺⠉⠀⡠⡣⡣⡣⡪⡢⡱⠡⠢⡡⢐⢀⠂⡁⡁⠑⠁⠈⠀⡁⠃⠁⠓⠙⠹⠹⠹⠸⢚⢷⣫⣗⣧⡂⠕⡐⡑⢕⢐⠨⠠⡑⢕⠨⠪⡐⡑⢅⠲⠨⡂⠅⢕⠕⡅⡇⣇⢇⣇⣇⢎⣎⢎⠣⡋⣎⢳⢝⣞⡼⡮⡪⠫⡺⡂⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠰⠨⡱⣀⠈⠚⠀⠉⠉⠁⠁⠉⠋⢓⠚⠚⠒⠲⠘⠒⠑⠑⠥⠵⠔⠊⡊⡞⡮⠮⡮⡮⠦⢣⢤⢄⡄⣔⣄⡅⠔⡀⠂⠄⠡⠡⡑⢅⢇⢃⠆⡊⠄⢕⠡⠂⡁⢪⢪⢪⢞⢮⢳⢓⡳⡳⣳⢓⢕⢕⢎⡎⡇⣗⡽⡹⡌⡎⡮⣳⡀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢄⡎⡮⣪⢮⣳⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠒⠦⠆⠈⣡⠀⢩⡻⠒⣀⡐⠀⢂⣩⠘⠋⠙⡲⡰⠥⠹⢹⢁⢫⢡⢘⢮⢣⠣⡊⡎⢔⠨⡈⠄⡅⠌⢜⢕⠡⡈⠪⠨⡐⢌⢐⠠⡣⣳⢱⢱⠱⣑⢕⢌⢪⢸⡨⡇⡇⣗⠵⡱⡱⣫⢺⢜⣜⢝⣳⢽ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢊⢬⡳⡯⡿⠽⡽⡾⠍⠀⠀⠀⠀⠲⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⡀⡉⣉⢡⡶⡯⡳⡕⡑⡅⠕⣌⡆⢓⡏⡎⠢⢃⠊⠌⢄⠑⢌⠪⡂⠅⡑⢁⠂⠄⠡⢁⠪⡑⠠⡣⣗⢯⡪⣎⡮⣢⢣⢪⢪⠢⢓⠍⡌⡪⡪⡪⡺⡕⡕⡇⡏⡷⣕⠏ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⡁⣮⠗⣯⠋⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⣳⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢄⡴⡯⣯⣻⣪⡳⣹⢪⢗⡕⡕⡜⣜⠊⠀⠠⢎⠢⠡⢐⠠⡁⠂⢅⠂⠌⠆⢕⠨⠠⠣⡈⡐⠀⠌⠠⡈⡪⣳⣫⢞⡝⣘⢮⢪⢊⠢⢑⢄⠑⢔⢅⢣⢕⢮⢻⢜⢌⢎⠞⠊⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢀⣢⠽⡳⠧⢎⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠠⣦⢦⣲⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⣻⣝⣗⣗⡵⣝⡮⣳⢝⡎⡎⠪⡨⡑⢤⢀⠀⠑⢱⠐⡐⠸⡨⠢⡨⠨⢈⠠⡁⠅⢕⢐⢄⠅⠂⢡⠢⡯⠅⠯⠟⡆⠹⠚⠑⠧⠕⡅⡢⡱⡘⡌⣎⡮⠇⡨⡣⣧⠃⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⢄⠪⡳⡤⣤⣠⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠁⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠚⠺⠞⣗⣯⣗⣯⡪⣪⢸⢰⢨⢊⢎⡣⡀⠀⠡⡌⡌⡢⡱⡸⡨⡂⡢⠨⢈⠢⡁⡊⢮⡨⡢⣫⠎⠀⠀⠐⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠳⠧⠇⠫⠎⡯⡾⠀⡸⡌⡗⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⢀⡢⣣⡫⣹⣺⡖⠀⠀⠠⢠⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠁⠑⠛⠺⠽⢺⣪⢧⡳⣕⡯⡆⠀⠈⠑⣕⢕⢌⢎⢆⢂⢪⢰⢬⣐⢔⢵⠵⠋⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡰⡞⡗⡉⠀⠠⡝⡼⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⡀⣆⢯⣞⡖⡪⡾⠂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢽⢽⣝⣯⠄⠀⠀⡸⣺⢜⢜⢜⢔⢕⢱⠸⡪⡯⠚⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢤⢣⡳⠻⠀⠈⠀⢘⢜⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠐⡵⡵⠋⠀⡎⡮⡃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⡘⡍⡗⡕⡪⡸⡰⡱⢵⢝⡞⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠦⡇⠧⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢐⠽⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠹⠪⠁⠀⠀⣝⢮⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⡰⣕⢕⢕⡱⡡⡣⡪⣪⢺⡝⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⢹⣸⠉⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢠⡪⣊⢆⢄⠄⢄⢀⢶⢱⢫⠳⡍⡇⢎⡪⣪⣺⣺⠝⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⣏⠎⠀⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡈⢕⠣⠣⡑⡕⢝⢪⢎⢗⢜⢬⢣⢗⡷⠓⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡳⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⡠⡐⢜⢨⢢⣱⡪⡲⡑⡃⡃⡊⢜⡐⡕⣕⢮⡞⠁⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡺⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣪⠮⠳⠑⠛⠚⠉⡅⡒⡥⠕⠮⠞⠚⠓⠃⠗⠻⠞⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠫⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣲⡕⠉⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Wood frog
Lithobates sylvaticus
Survives freezing of extracellular fluids with glucose as cryoprotectant; ice forms between cells, not within. The heart stops — thawing restores circulation within hours.
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣄⣠⣠⣤⡤⣤⣄⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢠⣰⡴⡾⡿⣝⣯⡟⣯⣯⢳⢻⣻⡾⣟⣟⣷⢶⣤⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⡠⡶⡺⡝⡵⢝⢽⢽⡳⣳⣟⢎⣯⡻⣳⢕⣯⡂⡇⡗⣗⣗⢿⡷⣆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣄⣮⡯⡻⡕⡫⡈⡎⡮⡫⣞⢽⢿⡾⡟⢜⣼⢕⣿⣽⢮⢿⣹⢜⣮⣳⡽⡾⣝⣄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢠⣠⢲⣷⢼⣪⣯⢷⣣⡳⡱⣙⢜⣜⢻⣙⣞⣷⡿⣫⣯⣪⣾⣿⢯⣯⣟⣯⢯⣿⢵⢾⣵⣝⢮⡺⣢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⣀⣄⣤⣤⣤⣴⣶⣶⣦⢦⡤⣢⣾⣮⣷⣿⣿⡿⣞⣗⣟⣯⣷⣟⣮⣿⢾⡿⣫⡾⣹⣽⢽⣾⢽⣲⣷⣟⣿⢿⡿⣷⣻⡿⣽⣯⣿⣾⣾⡯⡮⣓⢵⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⣰⣾⣿⣿⣿⠟⠛⠛⣿⣿⡯⣯⣳⣹⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⣯⣷⡯⣿⣿⣿⣽⣿⣾⡿⡯⣿⢝⣟⡿⣽⣾⡻⣟⣾⣿⣿⣟⣿⣿⣽⣯⣿⢾⣿⣿⣿⡻⣝⣜⢬⢢⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⡀⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣖⣦⣶⣾⣿⣿⣿⣷⣿⣿⣽⣻⡿⣟⣿⣷⡯⣳⣯⡿⣾⣿⣿⣯⣾⡟⣿⣽⣽⣽⣽⢽⡷⣿⣿⣿⣽⡽⣿⣷⣿⣯⢿⣾⣻⣻⣽⣳⣟⢵⣪⡱⡑⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⢞⠜⣿⣿⣿⢽⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣯⢮⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⣽⢼⣿⡽⣿⣟⢽⣽⣿⢷⣿⡷⣟⣾⡿⣺⣻⢽⣿⡾⣿⣿⢽⣮⡿⡯⣟⡵⣕⢿⢮⠮⡳⡕⣜⢌⠅⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠨⣸⣺⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⡿⡽⣟⣿⣿⣿⢾⣻⢝⢺⣽⡻⣿⣯⣷⣯⡿⣯⡫⣾⡫⣯⢷⣯⢿⢽⣟⣷⢿⣽⡻⣮⢻⢱⢍⢗⡙⡎⡇⡣⡫⡊⡢⠐⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⠀⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠈⠊⡋⠞⣟⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣻⣯⣳⣻⢮⢻⡷⣝⣷⣟⢿⣕⢯⡫⣞⢜⣕⣿⢫⢟⢮⡻⣕⠵⠹⡸⡨⢇⢇⢣⢣⠣⠱⡱⡸⡨⡊⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡄⠜⠌⠐⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠫⡚⣮⡳⡹⣝⡯⣟⢿⢻⢿⢿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣾⢷⢯⣳⣝⡯⣟⡾⣝⠮⡻⡜⡕⣏⢮⢪⢱⢳⡙⢝⢐⢥⡓⣜⡬⣣⡢⡱⡡⡪⣊⠦⣕⢵⢱⢁⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣄⣔⢗⠡⡡⡰⡰⡐⡔⡐⡨⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠎⡪⢊⢇⢗⠯⡝⣟⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣞⣽⢺⢮⢓⢽⡘⡼⢕⢕⢪⡰⡡⡣⡣⠕⡨⡊⡎⡲⣕⡇⣯⢮⣪⣗⢽⣪⢞⣮⢯⢯⡳⡑⡀⠀⠀⠘⡱⢔⢢⠣⡓⡕⡏⢇⢇⠇⠕⡨⡈⠄⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠡⢙⢜⢜⣮⣿⣾⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣿⣟⣿⡣⡫⡯⣏⡗⠕⢜⢪⡣⡳⡱⡱⡱⠨⢐⠡⣂⠢⡹⡸⡜⡞⣎⢳⢕⢗⢽⢜⢯⢾⢝⢎⢞⢜⢔⠢⡡⡣⡑⡕⡕⡭⡢⡣⡣⢣⡑⡍⡎⡌⡌⢎⠠⢀⢀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣄⣤⣤⣴⣾⣟⣯⢯⣿⢿⣿⡿⣿⢿⣗⢿⢽⢝⡕⠩⠺⠘⠈⠐⠱⡘⡜⠨⡂⡃⡜⢴⢱⢢⢃⢎⢇⠇⡇⡗⡕⡕⡕⡳⡹⡸⡱⢱⢑⠕⢌⢎⡎⡎⡖⡕⡵⡱⡱⣱⢱⢹⡸⡰⡥⡣⡪⡘⡨⡌⠆⠢⢀⠐ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠈⠙⠋⠙⠋⠛⠚⠙⠓⠝⠙⠑⠝⠹⠑⠍⠑⠑⠃⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⠻⡿⠟⠛⢊⣶⠪⢊⠑⠑⠠⠡⠘⠈⠜⡢⢱⠑⡅⠱⡙⠌⠪⠂⠡⠀⠐⠁⠝⠩⠓⠕⠣⠑⠉⠊⠑⠑⠉⠊⠁⠉⠈⠈⠈⠈⠈⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Arctic ground squirrel
Urocitellus parryii
The only mammal known to supercool its body fluids to −2.9°C without freezing, sustaining months of torpor through regulated metabolic suppression.
⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⣠⢤⡤⣀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⣀⠀⢀⣀⠀⠀⠀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣀⣠⢄⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡠⡤⡤⣄⡀⢀⡠⢖⣮⣯⠯⣟⠶⠲⡤⠤⣰⢲⢹⣸⠵⠗⡳⡟⡙⡹⢣⣄⡀⢀⡠⣲⣻⠽⡽⠵⠯⠽⣞⡼⠽⠚⠗⡛⣾⣺⣞⣌⣌⣅⣕⡯⡯⢦⠲⡲⣲⢆⢄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢣⡣⣎⢮⡳⣻⠘⠼⡉⠀⢬⡯⣺⣺⢾⣺⣽⡺⠚⣋⢥⣞⡾⡽⡽⢝⣳⣽⣺⡼⡱⣻⢥⣽⢽⢾⣳⣗⣷⣳⣳⢷⢓⢛⣻⣳⣹⣪⡡⡯⣞⡾⣣⢏⢏⢮⢮⣫⢏⢧⣓⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠰⢢⢠⢄⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⡔⡹⡹⣹⣩⣇⣧⣫⠼⣪⢿⣺⣳⣳⢯⣪⣡⢤⣳⣝⢿⢉⢁⠩⣗⣯⢿⡺⣓⢽⣪⢳⣳⡳⣕⡾⢽⢽⣫⢴⣲⢴⢤⣏⢾⢜⣞⡽⢝⣷⡳⡓⣓⣗⢟⣝⣞⣲⢫⣪⣫⢯⣟⣾⣫⢷⢵⡲⣂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢍⢆⣀⠀⢠⢸⡱⣵⢵⢯⢾⣻⣞⣾⡳⡯⣗⡮⣻⡺⡵⡯⣯⢷⡵⢧⡳⣽⢵⢯⣺⡥⣜⡔⡖⣇⢯⢫⣳⢻⢙⢮⢦⢧⣳⣳⢝⡽⡾⡝⣗⣏⢯⡢⡞⡞⡗⣕⣝⣝⣜⡎⣗⣵⡳⡣⣗⢷⢝⠯⣧⣞⢾⣺⣺⢮⢖⠂⡆⡄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠜⢮⢮⡳⡹⣽⢽⣳⡹⣳⣗⣷⣻⣽⢽⣊⢿⣺⡳⣝⡮⡧⣔⢜⢾⣺⢝⣝⢄⢯⢪⡩⣩⡳⡻⣝⣮⣻⠈⡯⣻⢹⡸⡸⡪⡻⣪⣫⣪⢦⢗⡮⣺⢽⡝⡵⢳⢓⡗⢽⣚⠮⡏⡮⣳⡣⡫⣫⢕⣳⡺⡺⣚⢋⢢⠱⡘⡜⡹⡠⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡢⡃⡇⡯⣞⢽⡫⣗⡝⢜⣑⡑⢕⢍⢗⠯⡫⡪⡪⣪⡚⠝⣺⢕⡏⣇⢗⣜⢭⣋⢡⡡⣅⢷⣍⣎⢞⢮⢐⢝⢼⢼⣸⢪⢞⢮⣳⢳⠳⣋⣏⡮⡮⣣⣩⢾⢝⠷⡝⣧⡳⡫⡞⣜⠥⡃⡎⡆⡏⣞⠮⣝⡆⡱⡰⡱⣑⠕⡕⢌⠆⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢂⢧⢫⢫⠪⡓⡝⡜⢜⢘⠆⠝⡌⡖⢍⢣⡣⣯⣟⢾⣝⢬⢣⡲⣺⢵⣫⡞⡎⡕⢃⣉⣝⡳⣳⣝⡮⣗⡾⡜⡜⢕⣓⡭⡮⣎⢮⣞⣯⢟⢮⡫⡫⣮⡲⣶⣳⢯⡻⣜⡜⡜⡓⢝⢜⢘⢜⢜⠌⣖⡿⡞⣵⣣⢺⢜⢜⢎⢪⠨⡪⢂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⢇⠃⠀⠀⠀⠊⠒⠈⠀⠀⠈⠑⢌⠪⡵⣪⡮⡧⡫⡧⣞⢶⣣⣪⣚⣖⡧⡇⣏⢏⠧⢳⣫⣗⡶⣕⣛⢮⢫⢻⢔⢭⡫⣃⢯⡪⡵⡽⣼⣺⡳⡯⢯⣳⣹⠬⡖⡏⡞⠕⠋⠀⠀⠁⡃⡊⠌⠢⣱⡫⣞⢽⢸⢪⠝⠜⡐⠅⠣⡈⡆⠃⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⢀⢔⠌⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠁⠁⠃⠣⢣⡻⢮⡺⣕⣳⣱⣱⣳⣹⣚⢎⢎⣝⠳⢧⢣⡛⡵⡫⢮⢖⢽⢹⢕⣽⡜⡾⡼⡮⡭⡵⢵⢗⢗⠝⠜⠜⠘⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⢸⢀⢂⠎⡺⢼⡸⣱⢝⢽⠱⡁⡁⡂⡕⢕⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠃⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠘⠸⠩⡪⡪⢜⢜⢖⣕⠎⠎⠵⠝⢝⠽⡮⣏⣏⢟⡽⡹⣫⢾⡹⡚⠔⠑⠱⠕⠕⠘⠁⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⢢⠠⢑⢜⠹⠸⡘⠕⡅⢕⢜⢌⠆⡊⡸⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠘⠬⠭⠭⠓⠊⠂⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⡅⢂⠢⢈⠢⢂⡱⠬⠆⠱⠈⠊⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠑⠔⠗⠓⠊⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⡀⢐⢐⢐⠢⠐⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠠⢀⢒⢐⠠⠩⡨⠡⡀⡒⢂⠄⢀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠔⠀⡂⠠⠐⢈⠐⡐⢂⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠤⠠⠠⢀⢂⢂⠌⢔⠄⠕⢅⢃⡊⡂⣃⢃⡑⡡⡑⢌⠢⡊⢆⢌⠔⡂⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠸⢀⠅⡐⢌⢐⠀⡂⡐⢀⠂⠠⠠⠠⡠⢀⢂⢄⢍⢂⡢⡑⡱⡱⡱⡱⡨⡢⡡⡱⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡸⡐⢕⢌⢆⠢⡑⡢⡊⡌⠄⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⢀⠀⠀⠨⡠⠐⢈⠢⡁⠢⠐⢀⠂⡌⢌⢊⡪⡢⡓⣌⢪⣘⢚⢎⣎⢎⡜⣜⢼⢸⡘⡎⡎⡆⡇⡕⡜⡌⡎⡎⡆⢧⡳⡵⡵⡱⡂⡇⡕⡌⡆⣊⢢⢑⠢⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⢀⠕⠑⡀⡀⢄⢑⢄⠆⢌⠐⡈⠠⠐⡈⡢⢂⠱⣯⣟⣞⢶⢦⢍⣎⢮⣗⡵⣕⢕⣕⡵⣫⣞⡼⣜⢼⢜⢮⡺⣜⢮⣣⡳⣝⢮⡳⣕⢕⢎⢆⢕⢢⡑⡕⡕⡕⡔⢌⢄⢒⢂⠠⠀⠀⠀⡀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⣀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠰⡠⢁⢂⠪⠐⢕⠔⡑⢕⢕⠰⡸⣞⠬⢎⣢⢑⠅⢿⡽⡽⣝⣗⣗⣗⣗⢷⢽⣽⣺⢽⣳⣳⣻⡺⡽⡽⡵⡯⣳⢯⢮⢯⣳⡫⡞⡮⡹⡕⣇⢧⢣⡣⡫⡣⡣⡫⣣⢇⡧⡱⣱⢵⡹⣜⡔⣆⢖⢌⢎⢌⡪⡐⢄⠔⣀⢂⠢⠒⡒⠀⡠⠤⠠⠠⢂⢰⠊⡀⢀⠀⠤⡀ ⠀⠉⠈⠀⠀⠚⠔⡡⠊⢜⠜⡑⣼⢭⡝⢜⠨⡂⠾⡹⢝⢝⢵⢳⠱⢕⢕⢝⠵⡳⡝⡽⣚⢞⡼⡺⡝⣎⢏⡏⣗⡝⣎⢇⢧⢝⡎⡞⡜⡕⡕⢇⢇⠣⡱⡑⢕⠹⡸⢱⠫⠹⡸⢱⠹⡪⡪⡫⠹⡩⢋⢎⠢⠑⠅⠕⡐⡅⠪⠨⠂⠕⠔⠌⠌⡌⡂⢂⠅⠢⠢⠐⠂⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⡰⡈⠌⠠⠡⡑⠐⡈⡀⠣⡈⡢⢁⢊⠕⡑⢕⠡⠡⠢⡑⡅⡣⢡⢑⢌⢜⠸⡘⡜⡜⢜⠜⡜⡜⡎⡇⡏⡎⡎⡳⡹⡸⡸⡘⡌⢎⠢⡡⠃⡌⠌⠪⠨⠌⠂⠊⠈⠐⠁⠑⠬⠔⠁⠉⠈⠈⠈⠈⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠐⠡⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠆⡐⠡⢘⠨⠂⠡⠀⠄⡃⠢⠂⠉⠈⠁⠁⠒⠑⠉⠎⢂⣊⢔⠡⡒⠔⢔⠑⡌⢆⢊⠢⡑⡑⢌⠢⡑⢌⠆⢇⢇⠣⡑⢅⠪⡈⠢⡑⡄⠋⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠨⠠⢁⠂⠌⠠⠁⠌⠠⢐⠇⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠘⠂⠱⠐⣅⠪⡘⢌⢊⠢⢃⠪⠢⡑⠅⠢⡑⡨⠰⣐⠌⠊⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠐⢆⠌⠠⠁⠌⡐⡙⠈⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠈⠈⠀⠓⠈⠨⠬⠪⠔⠥⠑⠘⠈⠁⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀ ⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠉⠊⠊⠊⠉⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀⠀
Bdelloid rotifers
Class Bdelloidea
Desiccated forms accumulate DNA double-strand breaks during drying and repair them upon rehydration — including a specimen revived from 24,000-year permafrost.
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Sleeping chironomid
Polypedilum vanderplanki
Larvae survive desiccation to under 3% water content — among the most extreme anhydrobiotes — via trehalose accumulation during drying.
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Brine shrimp
Artemia spp.
Embryos enter obligate diapause as drought-resistant cysts, tolerating desiccation, anoxia, and temperatures from near absolute zero to above 100°C.
Science has made us gods before we are worthy of being men.
— Jean Rostand